1 | Front | Central | Back | |||
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Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
Close | ||||||
Near- Close |
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Close- Mid |
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Open- Mid |
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Near- Open |
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Open |
eⁱ
əⁱ
ʌⁱ
ɔⁱ
ɛᵊ
æᵘ
ɑ̈ᵘ
oᵘ
əᶶ
Notes on central vowels:While the rest of the chart is in IPA, we have followed the Americanist Phonetic Alphabet (APA)) in using < ʌ > for the near-open central unrounded vowel; it is common in the literature and easier to draw and recognise than the IPA character < ɐ >. (The IPA uses < ʌ > for the open-mid back unrounded vowel, which is a less common phone in the languages of the world). |
Rather than create a whole ‘mid’ row for [ə] alone (as in the IPA),
we have displayed it in the close-mid central unrounded vowel cell.
This has meant that the IPA’s close-mid central unrounded vowel [ɘ] has had to be moved up,
and is displayed here in the near-close central unrounded vowel cell. The APA uses < a > for open front OR central unrounded vowels, and < ɑ > for open central OR back vowels. We have followed the IPA’s use of < a > for front only and < ɑ > for back only. In the absence of an IPA character for the open central unrounded vowel (as in British ‘father’) we suggest < ä > or < ɑ̈ >. |
Bilabial | Labio |
Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Alveolo |
Retro |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn |
Glottal | ||
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Plosives | |||||||||||||
Plosives | Voiceless Aspirated |
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Voiceless | |||||||||||||
Voiced | |||||||||||||
Voiced Aspirated |
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Ejectives | Voiceless | ||||||||||||
Implosives | Voiced | ||||||||||||
Affricates | |||||||||||||
Affricates | Voiceless | ||||||||||||
Voiced | |||||||||||||
Grooved Affricates |
Voiceless Aspirated | ||||||||||||
Voiceless | |||||||||||||
Voiced | |||||||||||||
Fricatives | |||||||||||||
Fricatives | Voiceless | ||||||||||||
Voiced | |||||||||||||
Grooved Fricatives |
Voiceless | ||||||||||||
Voiced | |||||||||||||
Nasals | |||||||||||||
Nasals | Voiceless | ||||||||||||
Voiced | |||||||||||||
Laterals | |||||||||||||
Laterals | Voiced | ||||||||||||
Voiced Velarised |
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Lateral Fricatives |
Voiceless | ||||||||||||
Voiced | |||||||||||||
Lateral Affricates |
Voiceless | ||||||||||||
Voiced | |||||||||||||
Vibrants | |||||||||||||
Flaps | Voiceless | ||||||||||||
Voiced | |||||||||||||
Trills | Voiceless | ||||||||||||
Voiced | |||||||||||||
Approximants | |||||||||||||
Approximants | Voiced |
Word List A | Word List B | Word List C |
---|---|---|
1. [ˈhʌzbənd] | 1. [ˈtuʔəʔ] | 1. [tɨ] |
2. [klɒθs] | 2. [faɾˈdɑ] | 2. [moˈt͜sʰɨt͜sʰɨ] |
3. [ˈfæstəɹ] | 3. [kɛᵊs] | 3. [ˈytni] |
4. [fit] | 4. [ˈtʌpʌːmːɛ] | 4. [ˈkɯʒi] |
5. [spɔɹt] | 5. [ˈsʌtːʰu] | 5. [ɟɔɟ] |
6. [bɛʃ] | 6. [sɑ̃ ] | 6. [ˈzʌt͜sɯzi] |
7. [tʃʌmp] | 7. [ˈnũʔʌ̃ ] | 7. [ˈɛːnɯː.ɛ] |
8. [pʊk] | 8. [ʔɛɬˈʔipa] | 8. [ɸeⁱˈco] |
9. [ˈtʰʌⁱmɪŋ] | 9. [ɬʌˈnɛɬi] | 9. [ˈcʌŋwʌ] |
10. [ˈpɛli] | 10. [ˈʎipəʎi] | 10. [kɑtχ] |
11. [ˈpɛːli] | 11. [n̩ˈdʒɔm] | 11. [saˈlɑ̃m ˈχubi] |
12. [kʰɔⁱɫ] | 12. [ˈmʌɲʌ] | 12. [ˈχodɑfez̥] |
13. [ʔɛnd] | 13. [ʌⁱˈroð] | 13. [ˈxɔfʊ] |
14. [ʔɛᵊnd] | 14. [ʔeˈkol] | 14. [foːɾˈbeⁱˌχɑŋəɾ] |
15. [ˈteⁱɾəd̥̚] | 15. [ˈʎaβe] | 15. [ˈqɑʎu] |
16. [ˈpæskəʔpɑɫ] | 16. [ʔəˈboᵘtʰ] | 16. [ˈmʌɭːʌm] |
17. [ˌbɒʔʊɫəvˈbʊblɪ] | 17. [maː loᵘʔ] | 17. [ˈpaʈaɳi] |
18. [ˈlɒʔjɔˈkʰawɛnjʉˌpʰaʔd̪ɛh] | 18. [boˈðeɣa] | 18. [ˈɖoko] |
19. [ˈzdɹɛmɔʒ] | 19. [tʃiˈtaːɾe] | 19. [ʂɔⁱ] |
20. [ŋʌmfˈnʊθ] | 20. [loˈʔõ] | 20. [km̩ˈpʰɛᵊ] |
21. [ˈzləvpʰɹ̥ʌkstʃ] | 21. [βɛx] | 21. [ˈkokobɑ] |
22. [ˈəmhəʒɫɒ] | 22. [ˈɸiɣi] | 22. [leⁱ hoᵘʔ] |